11.21.2011

老公就是太监?

古时的妇人都称丈夫为“良人”,估计那时的丈夫都不泡妞,家里一桿旗帜永远飘扬,所以叫“良人”,与此同时,丈夫也称老婆为“良人”,想必当时男女比较平等的。
 在“良”字旁边加个“阝”,就是“郎”;在“良”字左边加“女”, 就成“娘”。“郎”为夫君。但由于单音节词似乎太甜腻了,大约除了个别那时的“小甜甜”,如郑袖,钩弋之流,众多良家妇女们在人前还是羞于叫出口,于是就在前头或尾後加一个字变双音词,即“郎”字后面加上一个“君”字;在“娘”字后面加上一个“子”字,成了表示亲昵的“郎君”和“娘子”。(註:早期,“娘子”一词仅用青春妙龄的少女。大 约到了唐代就成了妻子的称呼。)妻子称丈夫为“郎君”,是对丈夫的雅称;丈夫称妻子为“娘子”,是对妻子的爱称。
官人,宋代,是南北文化交流的时代。在夫妻间的称呼上,也是称谓较多的朝代。宫延中,出现了“官家”一词;平民百姓中,有了“官人”这一称谓。有的妻子称自己的丈夫为“官人”。至今,民间仍对新婚夫妻戏称为“新郎官”、“新娘子”。最知名的代表人物就是:西门大官人。从这个称呼也可看出随著宋代理学的兴盛,男人的家庭地位也上了一个新台阶。官当然是管人的,那家里的官人当然就是管家里的老婆了。
老爷, 仅限於官宦人家对老公的称呼,其在家中的尊贵地位不言而喻。
在宋代,妻子也有称自己的丈夫“外人”的,再文雅点的就叫称做“外子”,丈夫则称自己的妻子的除了“娘子”外,还称“内人”。在别人面前,对妻子的谦称还有“贱内”、“家内”;这都是那时的小资和伪小资们最喜欢喜欢的叫法了。潘金莲称西门庆一定是甜甜的一声“官人”:但李易安称赵明诚则一定是“外子”。
 如看过京剧,越剧,黄梅戏的话,无论青衣,还是花旦在台上,拉长了音儿一声“相——公——”,这比“官人”又进了一步,已经不仅是“官”,而且是最高的官“相”了。
到后来,随著妇女解放运动的愈演愈烈。男人的地位也日趋与女人平等,从对丈夫的称呼中也可明显看出。

在近代以来 ,也称“丈夫”为先生的,这有本意有引申意,也有通假意。有特指,也有指。就其本意而言,古代“父兄”、“道士”这两重意思已不多用。而其最基本的含义似乎还是“老师”。《辞海》“先生”目下载:“《礼记曲礼上》:‘从于先生,不越路而与人言’,也引申为对年长有德业者的敬称。有时,也泛用为对人的敬称。“由此而可见,这一称谓,除指某些特定的身份,如丈夫等对象之外,是隐含著职业、年龄方面的因素的。换言之,所谓的先生,主要指有一定学识而又年庚较高的人。用先生指代丈夫,文雅而又带有仰慕尊崇的意思。从中尤可见男性的尊严。至今在海外华人中和港台地区还在广泛地使用。
30 年代末或40年代初,解放区一些受新文化运动熏陶的知识分子开始用“爱人” 这一称谓。新中国成立后提倡男女平等,不再使用如“屋里的”、“做饭的”等有歧视色彩的称谓;而在旧中国国统区使用的“先生”、“太太”、“小姐”,又显出“资产阶级”的色彩。於是“爱人”便被广泛地使用起来。
男人,这是最有归属感的叫法。通常必须加上定语,谓之“我男人”。可惜仅见于通常极具团队精神的乡下女人口中。带有一种隐秘的亲热味道!但其中已无尊敬的意思。
老公这词最初却就是太监。这宦官 古代官名称为寺人、黄门、貂珰。尊称内官、内臣、中官、中贵;卑称内竖、阉宦、太监、阉人。民间则俗称老公,李自成进北京後,即有“打老公”一说(《枣林杂俎》)。如是看来,老公最早的身份,原是太监。

Leave something on the table


leave (something) on the table
Meanings:
1.to refrain from taking the utmost advantage of something
2.to not address every aspect of a situation; in the form leave money on the table
3.to negotiate a deal that is less financially beneficial than is expected or possible.

Eg: Leave money on the table


11.02.2011

祖宗十八代

常常在港剧中对白听见“祖宗十八代”和“烈祖烈宗”,但总是不明白为何是“十八代”,还有“烈”是什么意思?
无意间在网络读取资料,终于找到了答案。所谓“祖宗十八代”其实是指自己上下九代的宗族成员。

上按次序称谓如下:
 生己者为父母,
 父之父为祖,
 祖父之父为曾祖,
 曾祖之父为高祖,
 高祖之父为天祖,
 天祖之父为烈祖,
 烈祖之父为太祖,
 太祖之父为远祖,
 远祖之父为鼻祖。
 即:父、祖、曾、高、天、烈、太、远、鼻。

那么为什么最初的那位祖宗称为“鼻祖”?资料写着:“因人怀胎,鼻先受形,故鼻祖为始祖。”

 而下按次序称谓如下:
 父之子为子,
 子之子为孙,
 孙之子为曾孙,
 曾孙之子为玄孙,
 玄孙之子为来孙,
 来孙之子为晜(读kūn)孙,
 晜孙之子为仍孙,
 仍孙之子为云孙,
 云孙之子为耳孙。 
即:子、孙、曾、玄、来、晜、仍、云、耳。

The Sense of an Ending by Julian Barnes

By an acclaimed writer at the height of his powers, The Sense of an Ending extends a streak of extraordinary books that began with the best-selling Arthur & George and continued with Nothing to Be Frightened of and, most recently, Pulse.

This intense new novel follows a middle-aged man as he contends with a past he has never much thought about—until his closest childhood friends return with a vengeance, one of them from the grave, another maddeningly present. Tony Webster thought he'd left all this behind as he built a life for himself, and by now his marriage and family and career have fallen into an amicable divorce and retirement. But he is then presented with a mysterious legacy that obliges him to reconsider a variety of things he thought he'd understood all along, and to revise his estimation of his own nature and place in the world.

A novel so compelling that it begs to be read in a single sitting, with stunning psychological and emotional depth and sophistication, The Sense of an Ending is a brilliant new chapter in Julian Barnes's oeuvre.

10.27.2011

刘海

理发时,有些女士会向理发师要求“剪刘海”,但其实很多人不知道,“刘海”这种发型名称源自于人名,更经常将之写成留海浏海”,其实是错误的。关于刘海这个人,网络资料描述着三种传说。
  
传说 1
相传有一位唐代的仙童名叫刘海。在民间传说中,刘海前额总是覆盖(垂下)一列整齐的短发,模样童稚、可爱。为此,画家画仙童肖像,便以刘海为样,前额垂著短发,骑在蟾蜍上,手舞一串钱。而后,小孩或妇女额上留的短发,便称为刘海。清朝王韬的《淞滨琐话》:面同满月,眼若明星,只髻簪花,如世间所绘刘海状。清朝李伯元的《文明小史》第十九回:众人举目看时,只见一个个都是大脚皮鞋,上面剪刘海,下面散腿。刘海只有孩童和妇女才留。时下一些年轻男士为了追求潮流,故意让几绺头发垂于额前,那不能称作刘海。只能说是垂在额前的头发!
传说2
古时候,女孩子15岁时便盘发插笄(簪子)表示成年。男孩子则于15岁时束发为髻,到20岁时在行表示成年的冠礼(戴冠)。在未成年之前,小孩子的头发都是自然下垂的,所以人们用垂髫髫年代指儿童或童年。但男女幼童所留的头发又是有区别的:男孩子留的是额上左右两角的胎发,称之为;女孩子留的是垂于额头中央的胎发,叫做。这种孩童时代所留的头发,统称为留孩发。而女子待到成年以后,有时从打扮考虑,依旧让额头上的头发自然下垂(时髦之说就由此而来)。到了唐代,民间出现了刘海戏金蟾的传说故事。由于刘海留孩古时发音完全相同,留孩又本为口语俗称,故书面文字就写作刘海

传说3
传说在武则天执政之时,某日破获了一个策划宫廷政变的集团。在这些谋杀者的名单中竟然有上官婉儿的名字。武则天不由得大怒,立即将上官婉儿召来行黥刑(一种在脸上刺上记号或文字并涂上墨的刑罚)。武则天非常气愤地呵斥道:昔日你的祖父(上官仪)结党谋反,被打入天牢,我念你才华出众才重用你为御前女官。不料你恩将仇报,竟欲谋杀于我,真是气死我了!上官婉儿听了坦然一笑:陛下可曾记得奴婢三次挡驾之事么?武则天细想一下,是有几次传旨御花园摆宴,临起驾时都被上官婉儿呈奏转驾回宫,便微微颔首承认确有此事。上官婉儿道:陛下可知那御花园已经是危机四伏?当时我参加谋反,正是为了暗中保护您呀!一席话说的武则天哑口无言,深悔错怪了上官婉儿。怎奈皇帝是金口玉言,黥刑还要照旧执行,不过行刑时改用朱砂在额前刺梅花一朵。上官婉儿本来就颇具姿色,刚刚刺上去的那朵小巧玲珑的红梅花,恰置两道娥眉的正上方,犹如二龙戏珠,煞是好看。但这终究是个耻辱――罪犯的标记。聪明的上官婉儿就从额顶梳下一缕青丝,它刚好遮住那个朱砂记号,并称之为刘海。宫中妃嫔们看了,觉得竟比头发全部向后梳要秀美得多,显得楚楚动人。于是纷纷仿效,直至如今。

It takes two to tango

It takes two to tango is a common idiomatic expression which suggests something in which more than one person or other entity are paired in an inextricably-related and active manner, occasionally with negative connotations.

The tango is a dance which requires two partners moving in relation to each other, sometimes in tandem, sometimes in opposition. The meaning of this expression has been extended to include any situation in which the two partners are by definition understood to be essential -- as in, a marriage with only one partner ceases to be a marriage.

The phrase originated in a song, Takes Two to Tango, which was written and composed in 1952 by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning. The lyrics and melody were popularized by singer Pearl Bailey's 1952 recording.
Tango Dance

The phrase was reported widely in the international media when Ronald Reagan quipped about Russian-American relations during a 1982 presidential news conference. Reagan said, :"For ten years détente was based on words by them [the Russians] and not any words to back them up. And we need some action that they — it takes two to tango — that they want to tango also." Since that time, the tango metaphor has appeared regularly in the headline of the international press. The phrase has gained currency as a proverb in loan translation in other languages.

“不”!

 

有些中文字,把两个可以单独使用的字合并成一个字,字形看起来不但不复杂,而且还直接表达了一些事情。

 

比如“不正”,就是“歪”(wai,第一声)、意即“倾斜”;“不口”就是“否”(fou,第三声);意即“不是、不然、无”;“不好”,就是“孬”(nao,第一声),意即“不好、怯懦、坏”及“不用”就是“甭”(beng,第二声),意即“不需要”。

“Elvis has left the building!”


Elvis Presley

“Elvis has left the building!” means “ the show is over, please go home.” The phrase was often used by public address announcers following Elvis Presley concerts to disperse audiences who lingered in hopes of an encore. It has since become a popular culture catchphrase and punchline.

It was first used by promoter Horace Lee Logan on December 15, 1956, to plead with concert goers not to leave a concert hall to try to see Elvis as he left and instead remain to see the other acts on the bill. The full quotation was "Please, young people. Elvis has left the building. He has gotten in his car and driven away. Please take your seats." Throughout the 1970s, the phrase was captured on record several times, spoken by Al Dvorin.  In later years the phrase would be spoken by some of Presley's backup singers to calm down the audience after concerts.

The phrase has since become a popular culture catchphrase and punchline, used to refer to anyone who has exited in some sense. For instance, it might be used when someone makes a dramatic exit, such as at the end of an argument, partly to relieve tension among those who remain. Baseball announcers on radio or television sometimes use the phrase as a humorous way to describe a home run, which is typically hit over the outfield fence and into the stands, thus leaving the field of play.


帛金?赙仪?

在本地社会里,每当收到亲朋戚友逝世的消息,大家都会不约而同地给丧家送钱财,也就是人们常说的“白金”。事实上,“白金”是错误的说法,交给丧家的钱财应当称之为“帛金”,而非“白金”。

在中文规范里,确实有“白金”这个词汇,只是它的真正意思是一种金属元素,多用来制作耐腐蚀的化学仪器,也用来做催化剂。在古代,白金也指银子。如在《史记 品准书》里:金有三等,黄金为上,白金为中,赤金为下。白金的通称为
“帛” 是丝织品的总称,丝织品在古时是贵重物,“财帛”之意就泛指金钱。从前人们生活不富裕,亲友家里发丧,出席丧礼的都会送些钱,帮补一下亲友办丧事支出,除了是对死去的人聊表心意,也实实际际地补贴一下在生的人。这笔放在钱是为“帛金”。
帛金的信封格式

某些资料来源称“帛金”也作“赙仪”。《说文解字
贝部》新附对的解释为赙,助也。”《玉篇 贝部》对的解释为赙,以钱财助丧也”,例如在《谷梁传隐公元年》里的便有说道:“贝玉曰含(含便是指办丧事放在死者口中的珠玉等,钱财曰赙。”
然而,一些资料更称“赙仪”属于朝鲜半岛的名称(부의)。
究竟哪种名称最为正确,且还有待考究。

A bed of roses vs American Beauty


The idiom “a bed of roses” is often used to describe a pleasant or easy situation. The phrase is actually originated from the poet, Christopher Marlowe's “The Passionate Shepherd To His Love”.
Come live with me and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove
That valleys, groves, hills, and fields,
Woods or steepy mountain yields.
And we will sit upon the rocks,
Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,
By shallow rivers to whose falls
Melodious birds sing madrigals.
And I will make thee beds of roses And a thousand fragrant posies,
A cap of flowers, and a kirtle
Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle;
A gown made of the finest wool
Which from our pretty lambs we pull;
Fair lined slippers for the cold,
With buckles of the purest gold;
A belt of straw and ivy buds,
With coral clasps and amber studs:
And if these pleasures may thee move,
Come live with me and be my love.
The shepherds' swains shall dance and sing
For thy delight each May morning:
If these delights thy mind may move,
Then live with me and be my love.

Here, Marlowe was referring to real flowers. The phrase has since come to be used figuratively to refer to any easy and pleasant situation - floral or otherwise.
The literal interpretation of the phrase was taken up again in the imagery for the 1999 film “American Beauty”. The commercial potential of that imagery was soon exploited and 'Bed of Roses' bath kits were soon on sale. They rather spoiled the effect by using the blurb 'if you want to re-create the inimitable scene from American Beauty...'.

三八

在大马社会,“三八”是一句骂人的话,意思是指那些不正经或者行为、语言等方面不符合礼仪、道德规范的人。但“三八”这句话的原意和由来究竟是什么?
搜罗网络资料时,才发现有几种说法。

说法一:
指每月初八、十八、二十八日。 王得臣 《麈史·谐谑》:都城 相国寺 最据冲会,每月朔望三八日即开,伎巧百工列肆罔有不集。 楼钥 《北行日录》卷下:相国寺 如故,每月亦以三八日开寺。

说法二:
指三月八日的国际妇女节,简称三八节。


说法三:
在满清末年西洋人来中国传教或经商,由于满清政府初期对这些洋人充满了猜忌与不信任,所以只画了特定区域让他们居住与活动,未经许可是不能到外面与中国人交流互动的。后来,外国政府不断交涉,满清同意洋人可于每月八日、十八日与廿八日进城活动。由于这些洋人外貌服饰、行为举止都与中国人大异其趣,当时的中国人因此称这些行为怪异的洋人为叁八人,其后才演变为骂人的话。

说法四:


清朝末年,八国联军侵略中国,腐败的清政府慑于八国联军的压力,被迫与八国联军签订了许多丧权辱国的条约,并开放宁波、上海、青岛、厦门、广州等五个港口为通商口岸。从此,外国侵略者肆意在中国土地上横行霸道。那时,厦门、泉州等地也驻有许多外国鬼子,每逢三、八的日子,外国鬼子就成群结队到处横行,有的开著汽车在路上横冲直撞,有的拦劫妇女施以强暴,有的拿中国人作为靶子练习射击,有的借酒疯殴打行人……真是无恶不作。中国民众对此行径非常痛恨,所以一见外国鬼子就说“叁八鬼子又来了”,赶快逃避。后来,“三八鬼子”这句话一直流传下来,在流传过程中,人们为了简便,就缩为“三八”。
  
说法五:

三八式步枪。 《东北人民抗日歌谣选·不用愁》:没有枪炮不算啥,打死鬼子扛三八。周立波《暴风骤雨》第一部十九:萧队长 侧着耳朵听一会,说道:还远,离这一里多地。那一声是三八,这一声是连珠。’”
 

10.26.2011

Buffalo?

Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo is a grammatically valid sentence in the English language, used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create complicated linguistic constructs.
It has been discussed in literature since 1972 when the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport, an associate professor at the University at Buffalo.
It was posted to Linguist List by Rapaport in 1992.

It was also featured in Steven Pinker's 1994 bookThe Language Instinct.
Other English words can be used to make grammatical (but not necessarily meaningful) sentences of this form, containing endless consecutive repetitions. Any word that is both an animate plural noun and a transitive verb will work. Other words which can be used in this manner include police, fish, smelt, char, people, can, and bream.
A somewhat similar un-punctuated example is "James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher". This could concern a situation in an English class regarding the usage of the word had, and might be punctuated as, "James, while John had had 'had', had had 'had had'; 'had had' had had a better effect on the teacher."

10.25.2011

因宗教而诞生的平话字

平话字(Bàng-uâ-cê 也称作 “福州话罗马字”,是19世纪早期来福州传教士根据福州话韵书戚林八音》设计出的一种罗马化文字,英文也称作“Foochow Romanized”。平话字从最初的方案到标准化经历了一系列的变化,于19世纪下半叶定型。

19世纪20世纪上半叶,平话字一度兴盛于福州话通行区的教会内,《圣经》、《赞美诗集》以及大量的传教作品都使用了平话字。一些教会学校将平话字学习列入课程当中。在当时,福州本地百姓会说官话会写汉字的人很少,而相对易学的平话字便成为了信徒书写母语的首选。
平话字以《戚林八音》为基础。
闽南台湾闽南语白话字不同,平话字从未走出教会的圈子步入民间,而且即便是教会的人,也并不是每个人都会平话字。随着近一个世纪来的国语运动的发展,如今,平话字已然为人所遗忘了。
虽然在传教士时代, 有人企望用平话字取代汉字, 但这已经成为过去。
要想读懂平话字的文章, 或者要想用平话字书写文章,人们要先对福州语的常用汉字读音有完全且正确的了解。因为平话字是音素文字,很讲究字音准确,如果某个字的声调或者韵母或者声母写错, 都可能影响到阅读理解。


10.18.2011

词职者开张新禧 Opening

筹备了好一段时间,《词职者》的官方网站终于成立了!笔者必须承认,由于种种因素,这个属于本公司的官方资讯网站一直迟迟无法完成。然而在这段时间,笔者也没有白过。每一天,笔者都在思考及奠定《词职者》的未来方向。非常期待着这小小的公司的美好未来!

今天,笔者正式宣布《词职者》官方网站正式开张啦!


After a long time preparation, the official website of "Work With Words"(WWW) is finally completed!  Not deny, the progress of building the website has been delayed for times. Yet, we  did not waste the time by thinking and establishing the future direction of WWW. I believe bright future is awaiting WWW.

Today, I am here to officially announce the official website of Work With Words!